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Where number of planes reported on hand differed excessively from normal strength and was also out of line with the number of flights and action sorties reported, n o r m a l complenwnt was substituted. These figures are given for only, as hey were not available on a monthly basis for earlier years. These figures were obtained from Aircraft Records Section, DCNO Air , and also cover, on a monthly basis, only squadrons reporting action during the month of the loss.

The number of carriers in action was taken from action reports. Carrier complement is based on the apparent normal number of planes carried at the beginning of the monthts operations by carriers of each class. In the case of planes destroyed on ground by carrier-based aircraft, the final evaluations of the carrier task force conunanders were used in lieu of the claims advanced in s q u a d r o n action reports.

Squadron claims have been used consistently for enemy aircraft destroyed in air combat, since in few instances have higher comnands reduced these claims.

All statistical data, except the types listed in a to d above, have come from the basic sources previously listad. Data have been checked for erroneous reporting and adjustments made on basis of normal complement and volume of operations.

Not presented for months prior to January Data have been checked for erroneous reporting and failure to report and adjustsmnts made. Not available on monthly basis prior to January This basis of tabulation was the number of planes of one squadron taking off on the mission. Thus if 16 VP took off as escort, 2 returned early, 2 engaged in combat, and 4 strafed, all 16 were counted as action sorties.

Likewiee if 8 planes took off for CAP, and only 2 engaged in combat, all 8 were action sorties. Likewise, CAP planes missions, none of whose planes engaged in combat were not counted as action sorties. Losses other than on action sorties have been taken from the loss reports, with some confir-. The accuracy of loss reports, particularly with respect to cause of loss and date of loss, is frequently debatable, and many adjustnwmts have been made where indicated.

Where the exact cause was not given in the action report planes reported missing the cause most likely under the circumstances of loss described was arbitrarily assigned, or if the circumstances were not stated, the cause stated in the loss report was assigned.

Losses on Other Flights These are limited to losses, during each month, of planes assigned to squadrons which reported engaging in action against the enemy during that month. For these squadrons these figures represent all operational losses of airborne planes, on missions not involving action against the e n e m y ; they include also planes later stricken because of operation- al damage sustained on such flights.

The carrier losses in this category, however, do include all carrier planes lost in enemy attacks on carriers. Also, reports for many early actions did not specify the actual number of planes engaging in combat by any definition, and it was frequently necessary to make arbitrary assumptions based on own and enemy losses in the engagement.

It should also be noted tkt the figures on enemy planes engaged were compiled on a squadron b a s i s. In engagements involving two or more of our squadrons at one time and place it is there- fore likely that the same enemy formations nay have been reported as engaged by each of the squadrons.

Thus from the viewpoint of our mission as a whole, the number of enemy planes engag- e d i s i n f l a t e d b y d u p l i c a t i o n. It should be noted that data on number of enemy planes engaged are inherently the least accurate of any data in this report, because of the natural inaccuracy of aerial observation; estimates of the size of enemy formations may vary by 50 percent or more depending on the ob- server and the circumstances.

Approximately 9 of the total consists of identified single-engine and twin-engine bombers, though the pro- portion varies from period to period. It may be noted that identification was frequently deficient, many instances having been noted of Japanese Army planes reported in exclusively Navy theaters, of confusion between dive. P l a n e s d e s t r o y e d by own anti-aircraft fire or in suicide crashes are not included.

They thus represent the evaluations only of the squadron intelligence officer, squadron commander, and in some cases the air group commander. However, rarely was there any further evaluation by higher authority of squadron claims with respect to airborne enemy aircraft. Subsequent to early this was the standard Army-Navy definition that the plane must be seen to crash, dis- integrate in the air, be enveloped in flames, d e s c e n d o n f r i e n d l y t e r r i t o r y , o r t h a t i t s p i l o t a n d e n t i r e c r e w be seen to bail out.

Duplication of claims between fighter planes can be more easily con- trolled by careful interrogation. Over-optimism has always been difficult to control. During the early part of the war, before standard definitions were in force, b e f o r e f u l l - t i m e t r a i n e d A i r I n t e l l i g e n c e O f f i c e r s w e r e a v a i l - able to apply them, and before the need for conservative operational intelligence was fully a p p r e c i a t e d , action reports may often have overstated enemy losses.

It must be remembered, however, that the bulk of Naval a e r i a l e n g a g e m e n t s i n t h e P a c i f i c did not involve the mass combat of Europe.

By far the greatest number of engagements involved only 1 to 8 of our planes, or the same number of the enemy! Assess- ment was on a field-by-field basis, eliminating duplication of squadron claime. For small-scale e a r l y o p e r a t i o n s , where no report was available from the tack force commander, an estimate was made by OPV-3, based on all available squadron and ship action reports, eliminating dupli- c a t i o n o f c l a i m s.

F o r l a n d - b a s e d o p e r a t i o n s , in view of the small volume involved, the claims in action reports were used. The official limits of each comnmnd ware used -out , except that actions in the first few months of the Smallboats 1.7.10 Insta war, before establishment of the area commands, were distributed on the basis of the com- mands subsequently established. QWT Each geographical area includes not only the land areas covered b y i t s name, but all coasta1 w a t e r s.

Most area names are believed self-explanatory, but tie following additional explanations are given:. Hokksido, No. Honshu Japan, N. Tokyo Area Japan, S. Central Honshu Japan, S. Kyushu, Kure Area Japan, W. Central China Chekiang and Kiangsu p r o v i n c e s. Thus a search mission which finds and attacks shipping is classi- fied as a search mission, a fighter sweep diverted ta defense of force is still an attack mission. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s by purpose of mission differed in the machine tabulations from those for other years, and additional detail is thus provided for , not available for other years.

However, the F4F and the FM-2 have been distinguished throughout. This permits one plane to be counted as making two or more attacks on one mission. Because of a general failure to report rounds expended prior to late , ammunition expenditures for and early are not given herein. For , as has been noted, planes attacking targets were counted once for each major type of target attacked on the same mission.

Thus if from one 8 plane fighter mission 6 planes bombed a destroyer, 2 bombed a l a r g e t a n k e r , a n d 4 i n a d d i t i o n s t r a f e d s m a l l f i s h i n g c r a f t , the statistics on the basis would show 6, 2 and 4 planes attacking unarmotied warships, large merchant vessels, and small merchant vessels, respectively, and the ordnance expended would be distributed accordingly.

The syetem undoubtedly provided much greater statistical precision, but involved an inordinate amount of labor in tabulation. There is some question whether, in the end, the precision was much greater than in the system, because: a the number of missions split- t i n g t a r g e t s , w h i l e s u b s t a n t i a l , is not a large proportion of the total, and b over a number of missions the errors may well cancel, e.

M a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s in classification of specific items between and the other years may be briefly noted as follows:. Accuracy of Machine Tabulation: All general tables, and special tables of aerial combat and a n t i - a i r c r a f t d a t a Tables 1 - 29 inclusive have been cross-checked ta assure complete internal consistency within each table and between tables, e x c e p t a s s p e c i f i c a l l y n o t e d i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s.

All tables containing breakdowns by type of target, by geographical area, and by type of ordnance, h a v e b e e n c h e c k e d t o insure that no significant discrepancies are present. In tie case of these tables the complications of machine tabulation have made a certain number of minor dis- crepancies inevitable; these were considered not to warrant expenditure of the inordinate mount of time required to correct them, since none can have any effect on conclusions to be drawn from the data.

For data on night operations no master check data were available. Spot checks were made, and the totals and breakdowns appear to be generally reliable.

Accuracy of Compilation: Human error, when thousands of coding cards are prepared from action r e p o r t s o f variable and c o n f u s e d p a t t e r n s b y persomel of clerical grade, is inevitable. However, every possible source of error has been either a anticipated and provided against, b checked and corrected, c checked and the data eliminated as not susceptible ta a c c u r a t e c o m p i l a t i o n , or d checked and presented with foot- notes and reservations as expressed hereafter.

It is the o p i n i o n o f t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s compilation that the data contain no significant biases resulting from the statistical compi- lation methods used, which are not fully noted in connection with the items affected. Accuracy of observation enters into only two major items in these tables; enemy aircraft engaged and enemy aircraft destroyed in combat, and the second of these has generally been the subject of the most careful interrogation and evaluation prior to reporting.

T h e i n a b i l i t y o f the intelligence officer to perform his duties at an optimum quality level may affect a larger number of items, particularly thoee concerning attacks on targetst the number of planes actually a t t a c k i n g e a c h t a r g e t , and tie number and type ordnance actually expended on each.

Completeness of Reporting: So far as is known, a 11 carrier air action against the enemy during the entire war is complete ly comred h e r e i n. For the period from 7 December to mid it is known that a substantial amount of action by land-based planes has not been covered by the reports available, and is thus not included.

Where no informationwae available it was assumed Mat escort fighters did not meet t h e d e f i n i t i o n f o r a c t i o n s o r t i e s. Items are subject to inaccuracy in reporting, but no particular bias is suspected. A c t i o n S o r t i e s : Subject to incomplete reporting for land-based units only , and undercounting of fighters over target, as noted above.

Operational losses are probably understated, but to a lesser amount, the difference being chargeable to losses on ground. This item is not affected by incompleteness of action reports, because of the check available in the independent strike reports.

Own Aircraft Engaging in Air Combat: Probably slightly understated for , because of f a i l u r e o f action reports to specify exact number engaging, and slightly overstated thereafter because of inolusion of entire flight in some cases where only a part actially e n g a g e d. Enemy Aircraft Engaged:. See discussion under Definitions. Enemy Aircraft Destroyed: See discussion under Definitions.

Affected somewhat by rounding bomb tonnage per mission to nearest ton; see discussion under Definitions. S o r t i e s A t t a c k i n g TargetsS Affected by incomplete reporting, by inadequate reports especially VP, see above , and d ifference between and coding systems see discussion under Definitions.

Note that, even for , and increasingly for other years, the total number o f sortie s a t tacking targets. Rocket Expenditures: Subject to some under-reporting, p a r t i c u l a r l y b y CV f i g h t e r s q u a d r o n s i n l a t e and early , and to considerable carelessness in the reports of some squadrons. Ammunition Expenditures: Not shown for period prior to late because of almost total failure t o r e p o r t this i t e m. A tendency to report expenditures on an a r b i t r a r y b a s i s , such as rounds per plane per mission, has been observed in the case of sonm f i g h t e r s q u a d r o n s , and it is certain that for a large proportion of the action reports the ammunition expenditure figures were the roughest of estimates.

The only probable general bias would be t o favor an off ensive classification at the expense of reconnaissance, b u t t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s would be small. It should be noted that defensive and reconnaissance missions are included in these tables only if they actually engaf:e or attack the e n e m y , and thus are considerably under- stated from the point of view of total missions flown.

Type of Target : S u b j e c t t o e r r o r s o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n coding, and to systematic errors re- s u l t ing from the two coding systems used see discussion under Eefinitione. The net effects of these factors are approximately as follows :. Ammunition, usually arbitra- rily distributed by the coding clerk between the several targets on a mission, is subject to considerable error, but the direction of the bias, if there is any general bias, cannot be esti- mate d.

The net effect is probably to understate the amount of attacks, bombs, rockets and ammunition expended on small merchant v e s s e l s , on land transportation targets, and on harbor areas, and to overstate expenditures on large vessels, airfields, and military targets. Type of Bomb: This item was subject to coding errors , which have been largely detected and c o r r e c t e d. However, instances of inadequate reporting may also have resulted in slight errors as to size and type of bomb, and number expended on target, b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y t o a f f e c t t h e general validity of the figures.

Models of Enemy Aircraft Destroyed: Subject to a major degree to mis-identification by pilots, and presented only as a matter of general interest, and as reliable only with respect to the major type classifications fighters, bombers, float planes, etc. The tables in this section of the report Tables provide a broad overall picture of Naval and Marine air operations as a whole. There are three general subdivisions in this section;. Tables Tables 1 and 2 assemble, for the entire war, all tie b a s i c g e n e r a l s t a t i s t i c s o f N a v a l a n d Marina carrier and land-based oombat operations included in this report.

Table 1 breaks down the data between land-ba8ed and carrier operations, and between Navy and Marine aviation; Table 2 consolidates the data by plane model without reference to base or arm of service. The overall loss rate for Navy and Marine aircraft on action sorties was 1.

Of t h e l o s s e s o n a c t i o n s o r t i e s , 47 percent resulted from enemy antiaircraft, 21 percent from com- bat with enemy aircraft and 32 percent from operational causes. The action loss rate for land-based aircraft was only 1. By Model of Aircraft Employed. More detailed analyses of loss rates, for tie years and only, are given in Tables 9 and 16 of this report.

Over ten enemy aircraft were shot down by Naval and Marine aircraft for each loss in air combat. The great bulk of the destruction of enam!! Most of these were in the early stages cf the war, as Table 21 will indicate. Fighters, however, fired over , rockets at targets, two-thirds of the Navy total , and fired offensively over 50,, rounds of armnunition, which was also over two-thirds of the total for Naval a v i a t i o n.

The Navy VPB, being primarily search planes, seldom carried or used their maximum bomb loads, and engaged in action against the enemy on only a small fracticn of their missions. This table presents condensed monthly data for carrier and land-based operations. In parallel columns it illustrates:. The table also shows the superior record of carrier-based planes over land-based planes in destroying enemy aircraft: over twice as many in air combat, 18 times as many on the ground and 4 times as many in total.

The ruling factor here was the mobility of the carrier forces, their ability to penetrate deep into enemy territory, concentrating. Land-based aircraft, on the other hand, were seldom within reach of main concentrations of enemy air strength, except for a tirm at Rabaul, where the heavy defenses precluded successful attack on grounded aircre. It is doubted that any other airforce has been as effective in destroy- ing grounded enemy aircraft or grounded and airborne enemy aircraft combined as the Naval carrier force; in the last year of the w a r o u r c a r r i e r a i r c r a f t d e s t r o y e d 4 , 6 2 2 g r o u n d e d e n e m y aircraft, and 4, airborne aircraft, for a total of 9, Smth Pacific 1.

Cl This table measures the contributions of the Naval carrier and land-based air forces to the c a m p a i g n s i n the various theaters of war. Land-based operations are allocated to theaters on the basis of the command under which the individual squadron operated, regardless of the location of the target attacked.

Thus operations by South Pacific aircraft against the Bismarck A r c h i - pelago in the SoWesPac area are classified under SoPac and in fact they were normally in support of SOPSC o b j e c t i v e s ; in few other cases were attacks made over theater boundaries.

Thus all carrier operations are allocated to areas in accordance with a the theater in which the target area was located, or b the theatar whose current campaign the carriers were primarily supporting. The Palau and Truk oprations of March and April, though partly subsidiary to the Hollandia strikes, have been classified as C e n t r a l P a c i f i c ; the c a r r i e r s t r i k e s o n Rabaul and Kavieng a s S o u t h P a c i f i c.

I t i s b e l i e v e d that all other carrier operations fell clearly within one theater. The overall picture presented by this table shows that slightly over half of Naval air combat operations, in terms of sorties and enemy planes destroyed, were conducted in the Central Facific t h e a t e r , about one-third in the Southwest Pacific, s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n o n e - s i x t h i n t h e South, P a c i f i c , and less than one percent in other theaters.

The carrier force was primarily a Central Pacific force, the spearhead of the main advance against Japan. Nearly three-fourths of its action was in this theater. The bulk of the carrier contribution to the Southwest Pacific campaign occurred in the five months from September to January In these five months over enemy aircraft were destroyed by the carrier forces in t h e c a m p a i g n s s u p p o r t i n g SoWesPac operations; this represents nearly three-eighths of the total enemy planes destroyed by carrier forces during the war in all theaters.

The contribution of Naval and Marine land-based aircraft to the Southwest Pacific campaign has not been fully recognized. Leaving aside the 22, attack sorties flown against targets in the Bismarcks and Solomons after control of the Solomons air force passed to SoWesPac, N a v a l and Marine planes flew some 30, sorties in the Southwest Pacific area.

The bulk of these 26, were attacks by Marine aircraft on targets in the Philippines. Marine fighters were based at Leyte from late November , and took part in assuring the conquest of that island and defending it from Jap suicide attackers and reinforcing sea convoys. T h e s e f i g h t e r s l a t e r assisted in the recapture of the Central and Southern Philippines. Navy patrol bombers extended their searches to the Philippines and began their single-plane attacks on shipping as early as August , and continued them until capture of Philippines bases and the end of Jap shipping movermnte in the area enabled them to extend their searches and attacks to Formosa, the China Coast, Indo-China and Malaya, protecting all enemy paths of approach to the Philippines.

For the year well over half the offensive operations of Naval land-based air were carried on in the forward sectors of the Southwest Pacific theater.

Of A C- No. NOTE : No carrier action was reported for the months not listed in the table. Composite squadrons are counted once for each type of plane included. Dec mber 1 Compositi squadrons are counted once for each type of plane included. Note that land-based F4F action sorties are probabl-- s e r i o u s l y u n d e r s t a t e d , because of inadequate reports of most of their offensive missions; the same applies, to a lesser extent, to land-based F4Us for The decline re- sulted from the abolition of land-based Navy support squadrons in early and the increasing problem of supplying a larger number of carriers with F6FS.

The later re- turn of the F6Fs was as Marine land-based night fighters. These tables classify, by assigned mission of own aircraft at time of takeoff, all sortien which actually attacked or engaged the enemy. The purpose of the table is to show the origins of the missions that resulted in action. It has been necessary to make this presentation in two tables because of differences be- tween the classification methods employed for and for other years.

Table 7 presents the expanded detailed classification available for only. The record of Naval aviation s destruction of such primary enemy strategic targets as aircraft and shipping indicates that this large volume of air-ground support was supplied with no loss of strategic effectiveness. Carrier offensive missions were classified as air-ground support only when flown under the control of air support commanders.

A number of pre-invasion offensive missions were flown against beach defenses, gun positions, and other ground targets, which were not controlled by air support commands, and are thus classi- fied as strike or sweep missions.

It was a normal practice for fighter combat patrols over invasion beachheads to carry bombs and rockets, and to report to the air support commander for assignment of targets on completion of the patrol period.

In part the large volume of carrier VF missions in this category in and reflects a vast increase in number of photographic missions, includinK escort fighters which often strafed guns and other targets.

Only carrier-based search and reconnaissance action sorties out of 4,, and land-based mostly VPB out of 8,, actually engaged enemy aircraft in combat See Table Some of those which engaged in com- bat, and all of the remainder, attacked land or ship targets in addition to carrying out their reconnaissance functions.

In our fizhters were devoting most of their defensive energies to warding off attacks on their own b a s e s. By the bulk of the defense could be diverted to keeping the enemy from attacking other land installations or friendly forces. During Cont. These were largely anti-submarine patrols by VTB over landing force areas; after completion of patrols the planes bombed nearby shore targets. In this practice gener- a l l y c e a s e d , or the duties were taken over by fighters.

I n t h e oaae of patrol bmnbers, over one-third of their action was on eearch m i s s i o n s ; if the primarily offensive Marine PBJs were deducted, Nell over half of their action would be on search! Table 7 provides a more detailed analysis, for only, of the missione flown by Naval air- c r a f t w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n a c t i o n.

Naval air defense was largely by standing patrols already i n the a i r. The Marine PBJs were used predmninantly as formation bombers and night hecklers, rather tian as single search planes, while the Pvs were used extensively for small strikes by 2 to 6 planes against minor land t a r g e t s i n t h e Solomons area, at Nauru, in the S o u t h w e s t P a c i f i c , a n d i n t h e Kuriles.

B o t h t:ypes were used for search, but principally in negative sectors. PB4Ys, on the other hand, were used mainly for sector search.

The CVE F6F record Of 99 enemy planes destroyed against 2 air combat losses, and the FM record of , far exceed the fast carrier records, and only 2 CVE bombers are credited as lost in air combat. Z m m F6F, Navy 14, 4, 18 39 47 0.

A monthly average strength in action can be Obtained by dividing by Included are all f l i g h t s , action sorties and losses for each carrier, for the whole of each month that the carrier reported any air action against the enemy.

When these two types alone are considered, the margin of the CVL over the CV is very slight and the superiority of the CVX m o r e p r o n o u n c e d. This may reflect only the erroneous attribution to enemy action of mission planes actually lost for operational causes; this factor is more likely to apply to fast carriers than to CVES. The SB2C ranked a poor last operationally. These are influenced heavily by the accidents of kamikaze attack which affected the CVES least and typhoons.

S B D and FM totil losses remain the lowest, however. From the table it will W seen that the average carrier aircraft in combat operations made about 15 flights per month, about 5 or 6 of which resulted in action against the enemy. These averages, however, include months of very light operations; figures for peak months are given in Tables 12 and In general, fighters made more flights and had less action sorties per month than the overall average, while bombers had more action in a smiler number of flights.

The highest average of action sorties per plane per month, however, was reported for CW F6Fs 7. Na action r e p o r t e d ; loss reported maybe from unreported action, or may be an erroneous report. NO action reported; losses reported may be from unreported action or may be erroneous reports.

Percentages and averages have been calculated, to show trends in performance w i t h r e s p e c t tog. TBM: CVE F6F 7, 2, 10, a 23 3. May 4 CV 2, 6. June 7 CV 9, 5, 1, July 8 CV 11, 8, 3, August 6 CV 4, 1, 8. November 10 CV 8, 3, 1, 8. December 7 CV 7, 1, February 11 CV 1, 12, 3, March 10 CV 15, 7, 2, April 10 CV 19, 7, 2, May 9 CV 14, 4, 1, June 8 CV 7, 1, July 10 CV 17, 6, 2, August 11 CV 1, 13, 3, 1, FEM 9.

April 10 Cv F6F July 10 Cv F6. V Especial attention is invited to the known overstatement, in these data, of the number. Rabaul raids, the first Truk strike and Marianas raid, and the Bonins s t r i k e s o f J u n e - J u l y 1 9 4 4. February , in the Okinawa campaign, end in the final assault on Japan. Raid l-- 23 o 0 0 0 0 Rennell I. Carolines; CVE 2,2g2 f? AL 51 16 21 56 38 59 I. F4U, FG , 50, m m G m 0. XZ A monthly average strength in action can be obtained by dividing by Attached to Hedrons.

Ratio not calculated; less than action sorties, fliEhts, or planes on hand. The data are comparable with those for carriers given previously in Table 9. The higher lees rates for Navy planes of same types than for Marine planee of the sam t y p e s a r e n o t e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ; tie Navy planes in these cases were frequently used in more demanding operations, and in any event the volume of Navy action in this period waa rel- atively small.

Land-based planes of these types also flew more action sorties p e r m o n t h: ovwr 6 per VP, 10 per VSB, 5 per VTB, as against 5, 6, and 6 respectively.

Patrol bombers, other than tie Marine PBJs, avwraged 10 ta 12 flights per month; only from 6 to 17 percent of these resulted in action. PBJs, used primarily as s h o r t - r a n g e f o r m a t i o n bombers, averaged 20 flights per month, 40 percent of which resulted in action. Marine F6Fs were almost entirely night fighters, and flew a higher ratio of patrol to action flights than the F4U day fighters. A number of interesting observations may be made from the tables:.

Part A shows their defensive and offensive combat record through the Solomons- Rabaul campaign. In few months from August to February did their relatively small force fail to shoot down 50 or more Jap planes. In April-June at Okinawa Marine VP renewed their early performances by accounting for Jap planes in 3 months, this time without the high losses that had marked their successes under the difficult conditions of Guadalcanal when tb combination of F4Fs, p o o r a i r s t r i p s , and superior enemy forces had held them to a 5 or 6-to-1 combat superiority over the Japs instead of their to-1 ratio of During late and early its few planes were devoted main- ly to stopping Jap naval and transport vessels from reinforcing Guadalcanal.

Meanwhile as its force expanded it built up its attacks on nearby airfields Munda and Vila , gave heavy direct support in the New Georgia and Bougainville campaigns, and made the most accurate and effective attacks in the campaign for destruction of the Jap base at Rabaul.

In March and April it was a major factor in turning back the Jap counter attacks on Bougainville, doubling its previous volume of activity, then returned to neutralization of the entire Bismarck area.

Son of the shore-based naval squadrons were from sunk, damaged o r n o n - a v a i l a b l e c a r r i e r s ; others were merely surplus carrier groups for which there was no current need afloat; a few in late and early were specially formed as shore-based support squadrons.

N a v y s h o r e - b a s e d fightars provided the extra strength needed in the Solomons in late , in the New Georgia and Bougainville campaigns, and against Rabaul. In tkse campaigns they accounted for Jap planes in some 2, action sorties flown. In addition, one squadron aided in the early neutralization of the Marshalls. Navy shore-based bombers, while used more continuously than the fighters, were also employed to bolster our Marine forces for major encounters.

Thus in September-November carrier bomber squadrons were used ashore in the critical struggles on Guadalcanal, then withdrawn when the emergency ended. In July reinforced Navy equadrons delivered a remarkable total of 1, tons to support the New Georgia campaign against the Marine bombers! Thereafter Navy land-based bombing effort continued at Cont. No action reported; losses reported may have been sustained in unreported actions during this month, or in previous monthat a c t i o n , or may be erroneous reports.

No action was reported during months not listed above. No action reported; losses reported may have been sustained in unreported actions during this month, o r i n p r e v i o u s mouthsv aotion, or may be erroneous reports.

No action reported; losses reported may have been sustained in unreported actions during this month, or in previous monthst actions, or may be erroneous reports. NO action reported; losses reported may have been sustained in unreported actions, or in pre- vious monthst actions, or may be erroneous reports. Including 33 sorties, and 41 tins of bombs, by VPB of unknown branch of service. Though VPB generally operated singly, without esccrt, they were able to destroy planes against 14 losses in combat in , and against 9 losses in These planes were used-for day and night patrol; for night heckling strikes in the Sclcmons a r e a , and for daylight formation attacks almost entirely in the Sclcmons.

During late and otier PBJ squadrons undertook long-range anti-shipping searches and similar specialized missions from Central Pacific bases.

Lm- D The figures here for June cover the entire month, and no division ia practicable. S o u t h Facific combat activity has already been diacu88ed, and will be covered in more de- t a i l i n s t u d y i n g tie Solomons-Bismarck area in later tables.

U2I3 4. The Central Pacific data also represent a series of campaigne in successive areas see Table Then as short-range planes came into the Marshalle to maintain pressure on local targets, t h e VpB reached out to the Carolines.

Acquisition of the Marianas and Peleliu took the VF to these islands to wipe out enemy remnants, while the VPB extended their range still farther. The North Pacific air campaign had three phases.

This culminated with the capture of Attu in May These continued until the end of the war, r o c k e t l o a d i n g s b e i n g s u b s t i t u t e d for bombs dwing eonm months, and the PVS being relieved b y PB4Ys at the end. This section of the report is composed of six sub-sections covering specific types of data, a s followsx.

BreaEd owns are provided for Navy vs. Marine, and by plane model, type of carrier, year, month, area, and mission of own aircraft. Data On models of enemy aircraft destropd are also i n c l u d e d. Anti-Aircraft Loss and Damage, and Loss Rates, with breakdown by plane model, carrier and land-based , y e a r l y. Table Atticks on Targets, by Geographical Area. Detailed breakdowns of attacks on targets, and total bomb tonnages expended on target, monthly and yearly, by area, and broken down between land and ship targets, with special emphasis on shipping targets.

Attacks cm Targets, by Type of Target Attacked. Attack sorties and bomb tonnage, for carrier-based and land-based aircraft, yearly, by plane model attacking, and monthly detail on shipping attacks. Details of Ordnance Expenditures. Night Air Operations. Data on night attacks and aerial combat, for carrier-based and land-based a i r c r a f t , monthly and by plane model. One of the principal achievements of Naval aviation in the war was the devastating supremacy Naval p l a n e s a t t a i n e d o v e r J a p a n e s e a i r c r a f t i n a i r ccsnbat.

Would finding the sum of the rows or columns provide any useful information? B Identify each element for the following matrices. Ticket Information a. Write a matrix for the prices of admission for Before 5 P. After 5 P. Kelley owns three golf supply stores. Store 1 has white, red, and yellow golf balls.

Store 2 has white, red, and yellow golf balls. Store 3 has white, red, and yellow golf balls. Organize this information into a matrix with store numbers as the column heads. Find the sum of the columns. What does the sum represent? Find the sum of the rows. Identify each element for the following matrices. Planet millions of miles millions of miles a. Organize the distances in a matrix. Mercury Venus What is the value of a 42?

Mars Tabular Convert the data into a matrix with the names of the Tama 6 5 players along the columns. Kristen 1 8 b. Algebraic Find the sums of the columns. Catalina 4 2 c. Tabular Switch the data in the matrix, now having the names of the players along the rows. Algebraic Find the sums of the rows. Analytical Make a conjecture about the effect on the data when the rows and columns of a matrix are switched.

Is either of them correct? Explain your answer. What is the equation of the line that has a slope Based on these results, which conclusion is y not valid? E More people voted for Proposition 1 than for Spiral Review Players are given 3 points for every first-place vote, 2 points for every second-place vote, and 1 point for every third-place vote.

McFadden received total votes for first, second, and third place, for a total of points. If he had 4 more than twice as many second-place votes as third-place votes, how many votes did he receive for each place? Lesson At least Cookie chip butter three of each type of cookie should be in each package. Tennessee Similar to a matrix, data in a spreadsheet are entered into rows and columns.

Enter the data into Hawaiian Kona 17 22 11 23 a spreadsheet. Exercises 1. Enter the data on smartphones on page into a spreadsheet. Compare and contrast how data are organized in a spreadsheet and in a matrix. A SUM formula allows you to find the sum of the entries in a column or row. Enter formulas in cells B9, C9, D9, and E9 to find the sums of those columns. What do the sums of the columns represent in the situation? Enter formulas in cells F1 through F8 to find the sums of rows 1 through 8.

What do the sums of the rows represent in the situation? Find the sum of row 9 and the sum of column F. What do you observe? You organized data into matrices. Coastal Sales Company has three locations in Florida. The matrices below show the average daily wages and sales of all of the representatives. Miami Tampa Tallahassee 2 Multiply a matrix by a scalar.

NewVocabulary scalar scalar multiplication 1 Add and Subtract Matrices Matrices can be added or subtracted if and only if they have the same dimensions. KeyConcept Adding and Subtracting Matrices Words To add or subtract two matrices with the same dimensions, add or subtract their corresponding elements.

When you do this, you multiply each individual element by the value of the scalar. This operation is called scalar multiplication. Many properties of real numbers also hold true for matrices. A summary of these properties is listed below. KeyConcept Properties of Matrix Operations For any matrices A, B, and C for which the matrix sum and product are defined and any scalar k, the following properties are true.

Multi-step operations can be performed on matrices. The order of these operations is the same as with real numbers. Express the Financial Planner average wages and sales for the entire company for a 5-day week. Financial planners often use matrices to organize and To calculate the 5-day sales for the entire company, each matrix needs to be multiplied describe the data they use.

GuidedPractice 4. Use the data above to calculate the average yearly sales and wages for the company, assuming working days. Example 1 Perform the indicated operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible. Example 2 Perform the indicated operations. Example 4 The table shows the test grades for each student. Write a matrix for the information.

Find the sum of the scores from the two tests expressed as a matrix. Express the difference in scores from test 1 to test 2 as a matrix. Examples 2�3 What scalar can be used to determine a matrix N to represent the new prices? Find N. What does this represent in this situation? Label the matrices A, B, and C.

Find the total number of each type of book in all 3 libraries. Express as a matrix. How many more books of each type does Library A have than Library C? Does the matrix have meaning in this situation? B Perform the indicated operations. Express the normal snowfall Grand Rapids, MI Buffalo, NY Subtract the matrix of normal Pittsburgh, PA Source: National Weather Service What does the difference represent in the context of the situation?

Explain the meaning of positive and negative numbers in the difference matrix. What trends do you see in the data? Perform the indicated operations. Distance m World Olympic American 50 Find the difference between the American and World records expressed as a column matrix. What is the meaning of each row in the column? In which events were the fastest times set at the Olympics?

Geometric Multiply the vertex matrix you wrote by 2. Then graph the figure represented by the new matrix. Analytical How do the figures compare? Make a conjecture about the result of multiplying the matrix by 0. Verify your conjecture. If k is a real number, then kA and kB exist. If A - B does not exist, then B - A does not exist. What is the solution of the system of How many different types of pizzas can you order?

Spiral Review Identify each element for the following matrices. Solve each system of inequalities by graphing. Lesson California , Write and solve an New York , equation to find the number of student athletes in Illinois. Lesson Illinois? Skills Review Simplify each expression. You multiplied matrices by a scalar.

Lesson 1 Multiply matrices. You can use matrix multiplication to find the points scored during each season. CLE If so, state the dimensions of terms, interpreting the the product.

The inner dimensions are equal, so the product is defined. The inner dimensions are not equal, so the matrix product is not defined. GuidedPractice 1A. KeyConcept Multiplying Matrices Words The element in the mth row and rth column of matrix AB is the sum of the products of the corresponding elements in row m of matrix A and column r of matrix B. It may help column of Y, add the products, and put the result in the first row, first to cover rows or columns not column of XY.

Step 2 Follow the same procedure as in Step 1 using the first row and the second column numbers. Write the result in the first row, second column. Step 3 Follow the same procedure with the second row and the first column numbers.

Write the result in the second row, first column. Step 4 The procedure is the same for the numbers in the second row, second column. Find the total number of points for each school. Which school won the meet? Central 4 7 3 There are more than , Franklin 8 9 1 high schools that participate Hayes 10 5 3 each year. Lincoln 3 3 6 Source: National Federation of State High School Associations Understand The final scores can be found by multiplying the swim results for each school by the points awarded for each first-, second-, and third-place finish.

Plan Write the results of the races and the points awarded in matrix form. Set up the matrices so that the number of rows in the points matrix equals the number of columns in the results matrix. Hayes won the swim meet with a total of 96 points. Use matrix multiplication to determine in which season Lisa Leslie scored the most points.

How many points did she score that season? However, some of these properties do not always hold true for matrix multiplication. To show that a property is not always true, you need to Example 4 demonstrates that the Commutative Property of Multiplication does not hold find only one counterexample.

The order in which you multiply matrices is very important. Some properties of matrix multiplication are shown below. KeyConcept Properties of Matrix Multiplication For any matrices A, B, and C for which the matrix product is defined and any scalar k, the following properties are true. Example 1 Determine whether each matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions of the product.

Examples 2�3 Find each product, if possible. Write a matrix for the registration fees and a matrix for the number of students. Find the total amount of money the gym received from aerobics and step aerobic registrations.

Write a matrix for the number of each Available Rooms at a Wolf Bed and Breakfast type of room at each bed and breakfast. Write a matrix for total daily income, 2 2 3 1 assuming that all the rooms are rented. What is the total daily income from all three bed and breakfasts, assuming that all the rooms are rented?

They sold all of the flowers for the sales prices shown. Organize the data in two matrices, and use matrix multiplication to find the total amount that was spent on the flowers. Write two matrices, and use matrix multiplication to find the total amount the student council received for the flower sale. Use matrix operations to find how much money the student council made on their project. Associate Cars Cars. Use a matrix to determine which sales Mason 27 49 associate earned the most money.

Westin 35 36 Gallagher 9 56 b. What is the total amount of money the car Stadler 15 62 lot spent on bonuses for the sales associates this year? If the matrix does not exist, write undefined.

XY YX ZY YZ YX Z XZ X X ZZ XX Z Write a new matrix for these changes. Write a new matrix allowing for a 6. Describe what the differences in these two matrices represent. Size price A B C D a. Scalar Distributive Property b. Matrix Distributive Property c. Associative Property of Multiplication d. Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication.

Describe a matrix that represents the total number of points she has scored during her career and an example of a sport in which different point values are used in scoring. What is the average of r and w? Carla, Meiko, and Kayla went shopping to get 1 ready for college. Their purchases and total amounts spent are shown in the table below. What was that results from the multiplication shown?

Spiral Review Perform the indicated operations. Find a regression equation for the data without the Use your equation to predict the expenditures for Compare your prediction to the one given in Skills Review Describe the transformation in each function.

Then graph the function. State the dimensions of each matrix. Lesson Find each product if possible. Lesson 5.

SALES Alex is in charge of stocking shirts for the concession 1 25 14 18 5 stand at the high school football game. The number of shirts 9 needed for a regular season game is listed in the matrix. Lesson 10 2 18 38 17 2 Size small medium large a. Child 10 10 15 b. Adult 25 35 Write a matrix A to represent the regular season stock. If the matrix does not exist, b.

What scalar can be used to determine a matrix M to write impossible. Lessons and represent the new numbers? Find M. You added, subtracted, and multiplied matrices.

To Lessons and a translated or make a reflection, designers make dilated image. Matrices are 2 Use matrix multiplication to determine the frequently used to define the positions of the objects and to reposition and reorient them. This is called a vertex matrix or image rotation coordinate matrix. Transformations are functions that map on geometric figures. Recall that one type of transformation is a translation.

A translation occurs when a figure is moved from one location to another without changing its size, shape, or orientation.

You can use matrix addition and a translation matrix to determine the coordinates of a translation image. The dimensions of a translation matrix should be the same as the dimensions of the vertex matrix. Preimage Translation Image y y. To translate the quadrilateral 1 unit to the left, add -1 to each x-coordinate. Of tho native cat, the great plague of the poultry yard, there ai'e two species; the one of a light grey colour; the other of a spotted dark yellow and black colour : it is something between a weasel and a cat in size and appearance, and has very good fur.

Then come the black, grey, and ring-tailed opossums : they are easily caught, and have beautiful fur. There are also found in various parts of the island those curious animals the Omi- thorhynchus and the Echidna.

Yet nothing strikes the stranger, in wending his way over the wide waste of land, and wandering over hill and dale or through the trackless forest, so much as the groat absence of animal life ; for those animals above spoken of, though they are to be found GAME BIBJDS. As to birds, the quail, the pigeon, and the snipe are abundant ; and of other game for the sportsman, there are the bittern, the plover, the coot of several kinds and varieties, not to mention the black swan, the Cape Barwon goose, etc.

There are some speci- mens of pretty birds for the ornithologist's collection, but they are seldom met with, unless sought for in the peculiar localities and districts which they affect, and at their proper season; for many of them are migratory.

The Author obtained an account of his proyidential escape from the papers of Assistant-Commissary- General LempriCTC, who was in some measure instru- mental in savirig him, and was honoured with the public thanks of the Lieutenant-Gk vemor, Sir John Franklin, on the occasion. The story is as follows : � " On Sunday morning, the 3rd of June, , on my return home after attending divine service, I was met by Power, the Commandant's servant ; he stated that he was in great apprehension about his master, who had gone to the Sounds on Forrestier's Peninsula on Thursday, on his way to visit the con- stable's post at Doctor Imlay's fishery, und was to have returned next day.

I ordered a signal to be made to Eagle Hawk Neck to learn whether the Commandant had been heard of. The answer was, that the postman had arrived from Sorell, and stated that Captain Booth had been lost since Friday; also, that two soldiers had been sent from the Neck to search for him. I determined to set off myself and to leave no stone unturned to find him. I found there the Woody Inlund boat and its crew, who had been waiting nincjo Friday.

They had no rations left. I learnt tluit Captain Booth had started on Friday morning, tuking with him tho coxwain Turner and three kan- garoo dogs; that they had lost each other in the buHh, uud that Turner had returned to give the iilurm ; mid ftirtlior, that he had now gone with the two Holdiovrt ftH m Eagle Hawk Neck. Krunoirt Dosailly, a constable named Arnold, uiul I r.

Dosailly's servants ticket-of-leave men ; thoy intbnuod mo that Mr. George Spottswood uud Mr. It was impos- sible to do anything that night, so we laid down in a bark hut till daAvn. I then ordered my boat's crew to give their rations to tho Woody Island crew, des- pat oiling tho former back to Port Arthur for a sup- ply of provisions for tho use of the different parties which might join me.

The whole party started to- gotluu' for a certain distance. I continued sounding my bugle, and they a tin horn, firing shots occasionally. I directed them to join me, and we met the remainder of the parties at a bark hut at the head of Blackman's river. Crocker, the two gentlemen mentioned before, and Turner, with the two soldiers. I interrogated Tur- ner, whose conduct appeared open to suspicion.

He had recently received fifty lashes for misconduct by sentence of Captain Booth, and was considered to be of a vindictive disposition. We had about eight miles to walk through the bush after night- fall ; but it being moonlight, and the soldier Clarke, who had often hunted the grounds, proving a good guide, we reached the Sounds in safety.

Peter Barrow, who had come in the boat, and Mr. Crocker, who had taken the tiers towards the Neck, after scouring the scrubby marsh in which Captain Booth and Turner had been separated.

Of his party he brought one soldier, having missed in' the tiers the other, with some volunteers. I found also that some more constables had joined and had gone into the bush, with the exception of Eeardon, who waited for me. It began to rain, and my apprehensions for my poor friend were at their height. The next moming I despatched Mr. I found Www xw a!

Desailly's party, with whom were Mooney, Gill, and Turner, had rounded the tier on which I had been. The dog ran back to the spot where his master laid almost insensible.

The shout given on account of his being found, and the quick discharging of their fire-arms, showed the feeling of joy which pervaded every breast. A fire was immediately kindled and a party despatched to Dr. Imlay's for blankets, etc.

Captkin Booth was incautiously brought too near the fire for his frost- bitten feet, and suffered much in consequence. The next morning he with diffi- cully ascended the tier, and felt quite exhausted. He passed the night on the summit, ani found in the morning that he could hardly use his limbs; having no covering except hia clothes, nor any- thing to eat He tried to descend to what appeared to his eyes a clear place j but when he got there, found, to his mortification, that it was a cascade.

He could hardly manage to crawl up again. He resigned himself to his fate, and passed another miserable night. On Monday morning he heard my bugle and shots, and knew a friend was near ; he attempted to draw himself nearer towards the sounds, but found it impossible. He heard a shot fired within about one hundred and fifty yards from him. The sound of fire-arms appeared to recede, the bugle was no longer heard; all was over: no chance left.

He egress his thankfulness by a look. To sit on rooks ; to muse o'er flood and fell ; To slowly trace the foresfs shady scene, Where thuigs that own not man's dominion dwell. And mortal foot hath ne'er or rarely been. In the preceding story the danger of losing one's way in the trackless forests of Tasmania is de- picted; nevertheless, to the lover of the grand and beautiful, there is a ramble of much interest over those very tiers of Forrestier's Peninsula ; and if you are well provided with an intelligent guide, some needful refreshment, and a blanket, in case of extending your stroll beyond the day, you need not fear an accident such as befel Captain Booth.

There is one path used by the trapper that leads you over a very fine range of hills, and brings you out to the sea-side, where a range of magnificent rocks of pillar-like formation line the shore, and where the swelling roll of the wave rushing between, dashes the spray all around : the 70 A BEemENOE IN TMUAHIA.

Betuming inland, you pass a fine piece of tilled land, fflid strike into the more traversed path lead- ing from the Neck to King George's Sound. But to the lover of the picturesque and beautiful, there is no greater treat than cruising round this penin- sula. On a calm summer's eve, as the sun-set rays glance along the waters of the bay, dl the head- lands are thrown into hold relief, and the eye, charmed by the sublime beauty of the inland sea with towering hills surrounding and hemming in its pretty bays, finds rest on the long line of the Seven Mile Beach ; and as the gentle breeze wafts you onward, the several stations along the shore ap- pear and disappear, like smiliog villages in a rich and beautiful country.

Passing the pretty islands of Green and George, you enter the Sounds and pass two where sweet thoughts cannot fail to epii mind. Two or three horsemen are all alive and active amongst them : a service of considerable danger, requiring wonderftd presence of mind and great equestrian skill; for sometimes the ox will suddenly turn on the driver, and then the only chance is the horseman's dexterity and speed in getting out of the way of the beast, turn- ing and outflanking him, and by a well aimed cut of a large whip checking the impetuosity of his career.

The settlers in the counties, when in the inte- rior collecting cattle, which they allow to graze at large over the wilds, enjoy above all things a good cattle-hunt, and the owner is sure to have several young hunters in his train on an expedition of the kind. From the danger attending the hunt, greater excitement is produced. The cattle will take their way right a-head through eveiy thing : nothing seems to stop them; and if the hunter once loses the chase, farewell to its recovery, perhaps, for days again.

The colonists, therefore, are splendid horsemen, cool and daring; and the generality of their horses are of wonderful powers of endurance, 7!

From the jetty there is a road to "Esst Bay Keck of fomr miles, partly over a difficult path through the fOTest, which intercepts your view; then over a fine level beach which leads you to the Neck. On this beach ia sometimes seen the redbill or great oyster csatoher, which is often shot by the sportsman, and is not milike the wild duck in flavour ; also the sandpiper.

There used to be a SOTgeant's guard here, but three or four constables now do the duty. From the Neck, a long, deep, narrow, and tortuous bay with a narrow entrance leads to the open sea ; Haria Island being distinctly seen to the left.

Some months ago it was proposed in the legisla- tive council to open a ship canal across the Neck, in order to save the navigation around Cape Eaoul, vid Storm Bay ; thus lessening the distance to the eastward by two hundred miles, besides avoiding a dangerous shore, and always across Iieavy sea. Aftei that suggestion it was resolved to visit t a steamer being placed at the disposal t they made a party, inviting naval!

The day wa] and, having stopped at the Funt i spent two or three hours examining and! The xmdcrtaking there- fore was considered not feasible, especially as the outlay would be enormous ; the proposition was consequently adjomned sine die. The adventurous tourist, however, can still cruise up this outer bay, and, entering the broad mouth of Blaekmon's Eiver, enjoy some of the wOdeat scenery imaginable.

The river comes up between high hills covered with fine timber, and a bushman's track leads over a very magnificent ravine. Scrambling up a lofty hill, you gain a fine view of the open sea over Cape Predeiick, a high cliff running out from North Bay ; in the bight of which is the entrance to a large lagoon, where wild duck abound.

Over some towering cliffs of this iron-bound coast, a driver's path conducts back to the entrance of Blackman's Eiver. Maria Island is separated from the main land by a channel varying from four to eight miles wide, and navigable for largo vessels; though its soundings -have never been properly laid down, as there is a small island, called Lachlan's Midway, in the channel, westward of which there is shoal water.

The island ia nearly divided by a low sandy isthmus, separatiug Half- Moon from Oyster Bay, the bays running in within a few yards on either side. From a lofty mountain forming the north-east extremity, the land inclines to the settlement, which was named Darlington. The part of this mountain which faces the sea presents a high wall of tiirretted rock; and the projecting point, called Cape Boidanger, is distinguished by two immense rocks, one jutting above the other, named from their appearance the Bishop and Clerk.

The hill itself is called Mount Pedder. A river of excellent water runs by the settlement, where there were several fine bmldings ; but this very beautiful island is no longer a penal settlement. This is a matter of much gratification, as it is, in very truth, a charming place, having some thtiusand acres of land capable of cultivation, and some very fine timber in many parts the soil ia excellent, and altogel a more fertile spot is not in Tasmania.

Thci several lagoons and running streams; the abound with capital fish ; and the best oyster found in the neighbourhood, at Oyster Bay. Sevi animals, whose fur is valuable, are trapped in woods, and many birds of variegated plumage. The island ceased to be a penal settlement in , and is now rented from the Government. Still looking cheerily forward, we prognosticate that a few years will see a thriving oiiy here ; adapted, as the site seems to he, for a sea-port town of some importance.

Eetuming to East Bay Neck, you proceed along the coast for some way, and again enter the forest. Passing Carlton Eiver and Plain, where there are two or three very good fknns, you again strike into the forest till you come to Dodge's Ferry, the entrance on Seven Mile Beach on the left, and the road to Sorell on the right.

The road to Sorell leads along the shore of a still more inland bay, called Pittwater, till you come to a small fordable stream ; when, entering the woods, you come on the so-called town of Sorell,� though only a town in name at present, � situated in a valley, with a fine ridge of high lands en- circling it, commanding a very interesting view of Pittwater Bay, close to which the township runs.

There are many settlers, with good farms, and a great deal of cleared land. Several coasters ply over the bay to Hobartotu There are two churches built here � one of the established religion, and one of the Independent persuasion; but there are no houses in the town as yet, save the magistrate's, the doctor's, the parson's, and the inn. Kangaroo Point Eegatta is held here annually, -when crowds from the good city visit the bay.

This locality is remarkahle for its extensive freestone quarries, large quantities of which are constantly being shipped to Port Philip. Latterly, a contract has been entered into with the Yictoria Government to supply stone for the building of the new college, and other public buildings at Helboume. The township is situated in a plain, at the head of a small and pretty bay within the point ; it is called Ivanhoe : at present it contains a neat epis- copalian church, three inns, some good stores, and several comfortable cottages.

A small steamer, the VenuB, plies, half-hourly, every day to Hobar- ton ; and from the fertility of the neighbouring plains and salubrity of its situation, it wiU, ere long, form one of the most fevoured villages for Bummer residence.

On the opposite shore, where the demesne runs out to Pavilion Point, is held the Grand Tasmanian Begatta, foimded by Sir John Franldin, in ; it annually comes off on the 24th November, in '. The second prize is for watermen, to induce them to keep good ferry-boats.

During the regatta the shops are closed, and a holiday given. It con- tinues two days, and is kept up with much spirit ; the races being weU contested. Considerable prizes are given besides the above, and everything is done to promote an amusement so beneficial in its results to an island colony. BEiTin isLAin.

Yet wanted not the eye far scope to muse, Nor vistas open'd by the wand'ring stream. Both where at evening Alleghany views. Through ridges burning in her western beam, Lake after lake interminably gleam, And past those settlers' haunts the eye might roam.

Again must the tourist leave the- city, and embark on board the Culloden, a little steamer that plies twice a week to the Huon remaining one night in the river , and twice to New Norfolk, retuming each day. By the former trip you proceed down the Derwent to the entrance of D'Entrecasteaux Channel, and, skirting by the northern extremity of Bruni Island, strike across the bay to the river Huon. We cannot, however, pass Bruni Island without a description.

A very fine sandy beach of seven miles in extent runs round this bay, which is very beautiful. On the southern extremity is a lighthouse, on Cape Bruni, to the west of Bad Bay ; but though this division of the island is bet- ter watered and of good soil, it is not as yet much settled upon ; the northern part possessing better soil and more pasturage for stock, besides being more conveniently situated, from its proximity to the main land and distance from Hobarton.

It con- tains from one hundred and fifty to two hundred inhabitants. There are several nice farms, though the settlers suffer much from the want of good water.

These lagoons are frequented hy numerous flocks of mid ducks. There is also on abundance of the wild pigeon tribe found in the island.

At Denis Point, Kortb Bruni, there is a ferry-boat, and also a guard-boat well manned. In the winter season great quantities of the king- fish are driven into the different bays and left on the beach ; on the receding of the tide, they are collected by the inhabitants, dried, and salted for market.

Barnes' Bay is very handsome, with beautiftd scenery around. There is one pretty clearance here belonging to Captain Fayle, and several others are now being commenced. The steamer passes close by, and there is also easy communication to the main land and the Brown's Eiver road to town.

On the other side, where there are some settlers, are the safe bays Patrick and Trumpeter ; and there is good anchorage in all the inlets of the I islands. Opening on Birch's Bay you see the saw-mills of Mr.

Taylor, in shore, and some good houses, with gardens and patches of cultivated land scattered about. Leaving this bay, you sight Huon Island at the mouth of the river; it is about a mile in circumference.

There is a safe passage on both sides of this island, though further up the river are some rocks called the Oil Butts ; but, by keep- ing Huon Island in line with an outer island in the Channel called Woody Isle , you steer clear of all danger.

Garden Island appears from those rocks; and though from its name one would suppose it was a fertile spot, it is, on the contrary, rocky and barren.

The shores on both sides of the Huon are precipitous for a considerable way up, having very high land in the back-ground, covered with large timber. About five miles distant, you turn into a deep bay leading to Port Cygnet, and pass the first clearing or township of Leamington, situ- ated on the shore of an inner bay, having some four or five houses and some small patches of culti- vation ; the principal trade being from the sawyers and splitters in the interior.

It is, however, a very pretty spot, and the fine range of hiU behind enhances its beauty. It is evidently soon about to become a place of much importance ; for, although there is but little cultivated land as yet, still, as the timber is cleared away, agriculture advances ; and, the soil being of excellent quality, and settlers thronging to the locality, a very few years will see a large and thriving town here.

Up Nicholas Eivulet are also several clearings. Leaving Port Cygnet Bay, you again enter the river, and passing on the opposite side of Police Point, you proceed by Desolation Bay, where there are some clearings. Flowerpot Bay has a peculiar rock at its- entrance, which, from its formation and the brushwood growing on the top, gives it this name.

You next pass Bullock Point, where there is a good place for loading timber. In Flight's Bay are the saw-mills of Mr. Arthur, and in Hospital Bay those of Mr. Above the Egg Islands the river forms into two channels, leaving a long swamp between ; which destroys the navigation in a great measure.

Still, the steamer can go up to Franklin Settlement, now in a forward state. This was originally purchased by Lady Franklin, and let out on clearing leases, to encourage settlers. The highest navigable point, at present, is Victoria, where a town has lately been commenced and a church built.

One mile and a half above this are the Falls ; and above this the river is deep and navigable for small craft. There are a great many settlements up this river, and the timber, being of excellent quality, affords occupation to hundreds.

For the most part the land is of a fine description, and in a short time will form some of the best farms in Tasmania. Altogether, the river trip is one of much interest, and of such diversity of scene and beauty, that it well repays two days' wandering. To the southward of the entrance of the river is the deep Bay of Esperance and Adamson's Eiver ; entering which, from the point, you have a fine view of Adamson's Peak, a high hill overtopping the range.

A deep lagoon extends a long way inland, and nearer to the sea is the safe and com- modious anchorage of Eecherche Bay and Eams- gate township. We next must take a ramble to Bruni Island, overland, and visit the station where the remains of the former inhabitants of Tasmania dwell. The stranger visiting this little settlement will, however, be gratified : comfort is always obtain- able at Fisher's Hotel, the internal economy being exactly what the traveller looks for.

At ESngborough some excellent farms are to be found, the beat soils of which are not inferior to those of Pittwater. BajTiton's farm is very prolific, and his house and homestead excellent. Farmers, like others, must consult their own tastes, and not those of passers by ; but it has certainly often surprised me to see the indifference with which they cut down every tree in the neigh- bourhood of their dwellings: many of the trees are eminently handsome ; then having thus, in a few days, destroyed what a century could not replace, they commence planting.

Baynton, however, has not fallen into this last error. A short walk from Baynton's, places you on the shores of North- West Bay, along which the road leads for a short distance. This is a large arm of the sea, but, being shut in on aU sides by gloomy and unpicturesque hiUs, it is not prepos- Beseing.

The principal proprietors of this fine tract are the Messrs. Lucas and Fisher. Its earlier waters are collected from the first flat encountered on the simunit of Mount WeUington, a spot faTniliar enough to Hobartonians ; but ere reaching the sea its chan- nel is of considerable width, and the volume of water it discharges in time of flood is considerable.

This rapid little river was spanned by an excellent wooden bridge, which was destroyed by the flood of : another, however, has been erected in its place. A short distance beyond it is an inn, called "The Half-way House," kept by a person named Groombridge; and at the same spot are several dwellings, possibly the nucleus of a future town. Two or three of these already assume the name, if not the reality, of " General Stores.

A short distance from here are the remains of a once excellent edifice, built originally by Mr. Tomkins, but which the deso- lating bush-fires of January, , utterly destroyed, excepting the mere brick walls.

At that time it.. Hainey, The next four miles you cross a succession of hills, called "Snug Tier," from the summit of which you catch occasional glimpses of exceedingly fine scenery. Stretching along the horizon there is the mountain tier of South Bruni ; to the south- east are the bold and beautiful cliflEs of Fluted Cape, about feet above the level of the sea. Adventure Bay, on the east coast of Bruni, may also be seen, separated by the long and thread-like isthmus uniting the two peninsulas of Bruni Island.

This singular strip of sand looks like an artificial embankment. Its length is several miles, and its average height above high-water mark is under four feet. A bend in the road places you in view of the establishment where the few re- maining descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Tasmania are now located.

How, indeed, should it be otherwise, when we reflect that within the walls of that low cottage beneatih us are all that now remains of a once formidable nation; who, in a thirty years' war with our countrymen, were either sent into cap- tivity, or the grave � they are but now sixteen in number.

Oyster Cove, a small arm of D'Entreeasteaux's ChMinel ; a few aOTes of which land has been cleared for them along the banks of a small river that passes by their dwel- ling. Milligan is the inspector of the station, and constantly visits them. The Culloden steamer starts at eight o'clock every Monday and Thursday for New Norfolk ; to this place there is also a daily coach, which leaves the city at six o'clock, a.

By the steamer you cruise over the prettiest portion of j went. The river still seems but of lakes: on either side are rich farm! Passing a wide reach of water, or lake, called Newtown Bay, you come in view of Eisdon Ferry, the road to Eichmond. A large punt, capable of carrying over carriages and horses, is always in waiting to convey you across an arm of the river, � about three-quarters of a mile over. One mile and a half from the ferry is the extensive property of T.

Gregson, Esq. Eisdon originally called Eestdown , was the site selected as a resting-place for the first settlers, and the foundations of a town were actually laid here, part of which are still to be seen.

The tree where the first camp was pitched by Colonel Geils is also pointed out. It is a very fine place; and the beauty and order of the locality harmonize with the courteous hospitality, good cheer, and kind urbanity of its worthy proprietor, which leave in the stranger's heart feelings of gratitude not easily forgotten.

The little village is one of the neatest ia the island; and a fine rich background of a deep valley running into the mountain gorge adds muoh to its picturesque beauty. Proceeding on, you pass a fine island and some pretty places, which look most imposing along the sides of the long tier of mountain range that extends from Mount Wellington into the heart of the island.

Passing through the portcullis at Bridgewater, you enter on narrower waters, but not less beautiful; the shores on either side still presenting a most pleasing and picturesque appearance, till, as the river grows narrow with high ridges of forest- covered hills on either side, there opens a splendid view of the valley in which is the town, or rather village, of New Norfolk : a charming resting-place, with a capital hotel and many a delightful walk or ride in every direction.

A capital road conducts you to Bridgewater and back to the city by the Launceston or main road. For the following description of the country above New Norfolk the Author is indebted to the extreme kindness of a Mend who has resided in its neighbourhood ; and, as Miy addition or change in its style would lessen its beauty, he copies it verbatim, giving it, as it well deserves, a chapter to itself.

The road from New Norfolk to Marlborough, which it 13 now our intention to describe, is characterised by much beauty of scenery; the river Derwent majestically winding on the left, and the monotoBy being lessened by inlets, small islands thickly covered with shrubs of every description, and diminutive cattiracts, which in time past have been even dangerous to the venturesome traveller, rush- ing as they do with velocity over the rocky ridges which impede the turbulent stream in its headlong course.

It is also worthy of remark, that i of this part of the river is embedded i rock. VO some parts � and more especially in the rainy aea- aon of the year � all but impassable : indeed, along the banks of the noble Derwent, as they jut more prominently outward, the traveller, in pursuing his way, runs no iooonsiderable risk.

The road being destitute of a fence for some oonmderable distance, and elevated from eighty to a hundred feet above the level of the river, does not decrease its peril ; added to which, a high escarpment on the right leaves it scarcely possible, with a restive horse or negligent driver, to escape scatheless, or perchance with life.

The only mode of conveyance in this part of the country, with the exception of the saddle-horse, is a kind of omnibus, or as it is here designated, a van ; it contains six inside, and, by dint of great mancBuvring, two with the driver, and being en- tirely without covering in no way increases its comforts. For some miles to drive tandem is thought preferable. Many pretty country residences attract the eye on the road to the Woolpaek, the place of changing horses; but want of time and space prevent our enumerating them.

After parsing some short hooter's Hill, formerly occupied by jj. We first recognise a Bweet cottage and verdant garden, anirounded by English meadows, the residence of the Eev.

Hesketh, officiating clergyman of the Woolpack. Barker, an old colonist, has aim here his country seat, and is noted for kindness and hos- pitality to tiie stranger. A pretly church forms one of its principal objects of attrac- tion; if we except the beautiful sweetbriar and hawthorn hedges which line and adorn the entrance to the inn� a low-roofed, weather-boarded way- side resting-place.

A blacksmith's shop is the only other habitation there. And now again we find ourselves proceeding on our journey; and for some little distance enjoy the good road, passing through the very extensive landed proprietor, Y Esq. Soon again, we are rolling i tity of sand and loose stone, and f OUT anticipations have been of a gooil way. The extreme ciyility evinced by its inhabitants, ia rendering all the assistance in their power to the weary traveller and jaded horse, is worthy of remark and commendation.

Having, with some difficulty, obtained the sum- mit of this fatiguing height, we look with pleasure on the lovely plain stretching before us; and, in glancing around the face of the country, perceive its aspect is somewhat different, there being but few trees ; whereas that which we haye but some time passed was thickly coyered with them � the gum and wattle prevailing.

On descending the Clyde Hill, we pass by Dr. Sharland's, whose door is never closed to the stranger, and whose ready band and warm welcome bespeak his kihiUy heart But in place of passing through the township, we turn slightly to the left, that being on our way to the new country ; then for full ten miles we pass through the most beautiful park-like scenery, Law- renny, the estate of Edward Lord, Esq.

Bethune, Esq. Government labour has been employed in its erection for the last three years; and although it has been an immense expense, it will eventually prove worthy of its cost. There is also now being cut close by, a road leading to the western country, discovered and described by Major Cotton. AU r ever, have their uses, and they arc pai valuable in new countries. Four miles through a pretty country, on the Marlborough road, we catch a last peep of the river Ouse ; and having passed through the properties of W.

Jamieson and Pringle Whyte, Esqrs. Pogson, Esq. About half- a -mile before entering Victoria Valley, a distance of twelve miles from the Ouse Bridge, our attention is attracted to a magnificent waterfall, which, being but a short distance inland, is visible from the road. It is estimated that it falls one hundred feet from an almost perpendicular height, and flows fi-om the Kenmere Eivulet or [Native Hut Creek.

The houses are in thick clusters, and strike you as being somewhat similar in appearance to mili- tary barracks ; and, in the distance, surrounded by gently rising ground, the face of the country looks singularly picturesque. It is now rented from the Government by T.

Marzetti, Esq. Passing through the stations of Mr. Edolls and "W. Clarke, Esq. Gigantic trees of every description here spread forth their broad and noble boughs, not only ob- scuring the sun's bright rays, but imparting a feel- ing of loneliness by enfolding all within a mantle of darkness. Having ciosse ' � nice little bridge, we wend our way thiv tions of W. Synnott and W. VV Another probation station next arrests our glanoe, known as the Seven Mile Creek : but Iiere Desola- tion reigns supreme, giving it the appearance of some old ruin"; for, with the exception of some shepherds of Mr.

Sharland's, it is wholly unia- habited. The entire road from the Ouse Bridge is a gradual ascent, so that, as we now stand upon the extremity of the rise, the vaUey, similar to the township of Hamilton, opens almost beneath our feet, suddenly bringing to our view the vast estate of Bronte and the district of Marlborough, The view is most grand � Mount Olympus appearing on a more extended scale, whilst crowds of hilln range far back ; not omitting to mention the cele- brated Brady's Sugar Loaf, which, as well as Mount Olympus and the Scraggy Peak, ia one of the sites for the trigonometrical survey.

It may not be amiss to men- tion that, notwithstanding its barren appearance, this is a very heavily timbered country ; and it is the opinion of some that the thick forest, now withered, dead, and bleached, owed its extinction to a tremendous fire, which, sweeping like the doom of Fate over the country, left not a leaf or twig along its desolating course.

The next object we notice is a beautiftJ bridge across the river. The police station, a glimpse of which we caught when on the rise before enter- ing Marlborough, is now sufficiently near for our inspection; it consists of a very pretty and sub- stantial stone cottage, wliieh affords excellent ac- commodation for the traveller.

After having a by this, and crossed the Nive, the eye re� immense plains with but few trees, whil merable herds of cattle bring to miud 4 prairies of America. The owners of the stations by which we are surrounded are Henrie Nicholas, W. Clarke, and T. Standfield, Esqs. Nothing worthy of remark oc- curs till we arrive at Lake St. Clair, the entrance to which does not partake of the general beauty of the scenery around, and its monotony causes a feeling of disappointment to arise in the mind of the- traveller.

But soon these fancies are dispelled, when, having unmoored the beautiful gig placed there by private subscription, and pulling far out into the centre of the lake, the hands unconsciously relax their grasp of the oars, and the tourist gazes around on the beautiful scenery that meets his enraptured eye. The snow-white beach lining the borders of the lake is adorned by native shrubs, and strewn with shells and pebbles of every description : the " waratahj" mingling the bril- liant red of its blossoms with a thousand different diades of foliage, is more entrancing to the eye than words can well express.

The numerous at- tempts which have been made to sound the depth of Lake St. Qair have, as yet, ever proved finiitless. Its length is generally estimated at fifteen miles, and it extends from two to four miles in breadth. The desolate aspect of the country for the last eighteen miles renders the lovely appearance of this noble sheet of water, surrounded by every beauty the hand of nature can plant, stiU more enthralling ; and the stranger feels amply repaid for all the discomforts of his journey, when in the midst of a scene upon which he cannot but gaze in ecstaey.

Before we close our description of this part of the country we would observe that there is another road, besides that we have just paMed over, leading to Lake St. Gellibrand, Esq. Gelli- brand's estate of Cleveland is about five miles from the Ouse Bridge, along a feitiguing sandy soil. The house is prettily situated on an eminence over- looking the river Dee, which flows along the bot- tom of the extensive fruit-garden adjoining.

Here, again, we find a great number of tenants, whose chief chai'acteristics are industry and firm attachment to the small portion of ground form- ing their only home. And as our eye glances over the sweetly pretty view from the house, of the river winding gracefully through the little shrubs which grow near the water-side, we can- not inil to notice that great attention is paid to irrigation � all the meadows looking as though covered with green velvet: so truly refreshing to the eye is the beautiful English grass.

A waterfeU is also another pretty object of observation on this estate, known by the name of Black Bob's Falls.




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